The cause of infectious cystitis is the activity of pathogenic microorganisms, whose vital activity causes the inflammatory process.Pathogens can come from the outside or conditionally: they remain in a dormant stage in the genitourinary system and are activated under the influence of adverse factors and a decrease in immune defenses.
The disease has gender characteristics: cystitis often occurs in women aged 25–40 years due to the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the genitourinary system.However, cystitis can also appear at any age in adults and children.
Symptoms of inflammation of the bladder lining are difficult to ignore: the first signs are often pain in the lower abdomen, burning, itching, frequent urge to urinate and pain when urinating.Temperature may also increase: cystitis can cause any of these general signs of inflammation.
The trigger for the development of the disease is often hypothermia, which subsequently reduces the body's defenses.Cystitis can also be provoked by changes in sexual activity and other causes that disrupt the normal vaginal microflora.
Cystitis in women: treatment
The difficulty in treatment is that cystitis is often not considered a serious disease, while its complications can disrupt the functioning of the genitourinary system.Prescribing antibiotics is the only treatment that directly affects the cause of inflammation.Self-medication in this case is unacceptable: there is a high risk of ineffective medication and, as a result, acute inflammation turning into a chronic form with constant exacerbations or sudden development of complications.It should be remembered that complications of cystitis in women and men lead to pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, sphincter dysfunction with constant uncontrolled urination.
Treatment of cystitis must be comprehensive: taking into account the features of the clinical picture, laboratory results, medical history and reaction to medications.However, the basis of the treatment regimen for both women and men has always been natural or synthetic antibacterial drugs.
Antibacterial drugs for cystitis
The effect of drugs in the fight against microorganisms is to selectively inhibit or terminate their important functions.Depending on the nature of the pathogen, antibacterial, antifungal (antifungal) and antiprotozoal drugs are prescribed.Viral origins of cystitis are rare.It quickly becomes complicated by additional bacterial infection, so in any case, the disease requires the prescription of antibiotics.
A group of drugs that are effective in the treatment of inflammatory processes in the genitourinary system are called “urethral antiseptics”.Antiseptics, synthetic antimicrobials and antibiotics belong to the group of antiseptics that are excreted through the kidneys.This creates an effective therapeutic concentration of the drug at the site of inflammation in cystitis.
Classification of urinary antiseptics
Highlight:
- Herbal medicine for the treatment of cystitis.
- Antibiotics of natural origin (penicillin, first and third generation cephalosporins, tetracycline, glycopeptides).
- Synthetic drugs with antibacterial activity (quinolone derivatives, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, 9-hydroxyquinoline derivatives, nitrofuran derivatives).
- Other antibiotics (trimethoprim), combination antibiotics.
- Antifungal medication.
botanical insecticide
Centaury Herb + Lovage Root + Rosemary Leaves - this is a component of a drug belonging to the group of phytotherapeutic drugs, which has been proven to be clinically effective in practice.A popular remedy based on rosemary, centaury and lovage comes in two forms: alcohol solution in drops and capsules.The combination of herbal ingredients provides anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and antiseptic effects.For pregnant women, it is better to use pills.
Another popular herbal medicine for cystitis is tablets containing:
- pure mumiyo powder,
- flower extract of St.
- saxifrage stem extract,
- madness stem extract,
- rhizome extract of Sati membrane,
- strawberry seed extract,
- extract the aerial part of Onosma bracts,
- vernonia ashy whole plant extract,
- lime silicate powder.
The drug has antibacterial, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and diuretic effects on cystitis.
Antibiotics
A group of natural antibiotics that were widely used before the era of antibiotic resistance.Given the strong resistance of bacteria to antibacterial agents, there is a need to search for new synthetic analogues of antibiotics with an expanded spectrum of activity and a low risk of developing resistance.
However, some cases of cystitis require prescription of natural antibacterial drugs.Broad-spectrum antibiotics of the latest generation are used, which are effective against most typical cystitis pathogens.It is especially important to prescribe a drug with broad antibacterial activity at the stage until the exact name of the microbial agent - the causative agent of cystitis - is determined.
Penicillin
Penicillin derivatives block the enzyme system that underlies cell wall formation.The drug has a bactericidal effect.To improve effectiveness, penicillin drugs are combined with clavulanic acid.It inhibits the beta-lactamase system, further promoting the destruction of the cell wall of microorganisms.In urology, such semisynthetic representatives of the group protected by clavulanic acid are used.They may be prescribed to pregnant women if the risk of infection is greater than the risk of toxicity to the fetus.
Cephalosporins
This group is characterized by the prescribing of drugs mainly not in pill form, but in injection form, which ensures quick achievement of the effect.Antibiotics damage the cell walls of pathogens.Severe and complicated cases of cystitis are treated with cephalosporin given as an intramuscular injection.Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Cefoperazone (III generation drugs with broad antibacterial spectrum) are prescribed.Uncomplicated forms of cystitis in women and men can be treated without injections: third-generation cephalosporin antibiotics - cefixime, ceftibuten - are prescribed.
Phosphonic acid derivative
Fosfomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that has been shown to be effective against cystitis pathogens in clinical studies and in real life.The active ingredient in the pill is fosfomycin trometamol.Its molecule inhibits the first stage of microbial cell wall formation.Because high drug concentrations in urine are maintained for 24–48 hours, the drug can be used successfully in the treatment of cystitis.
Important!When choosing an antibiotic, you need to focus on the concentration of active ingredients in the urine.Then a bactericidal level of antibacterial substances is achieved in the urine.It is also important that medications for cystitis in women have little effect on the vaginal microbiota, as this creates an additional risk for the progression or recurrence of cystitis.
The combination of antibiotics that is effective for cystitis (trimethoprim combined with sulfamethoxazole) is even effective against rare pathogenic microorganisms (S. saprophyticus).It is important to comply with the regimen and duration of antibiotic treatment.Treatment time can be from 3 to 14 days or even more, depending on the complexity and severity of the case.
Synthetic antiseptic
All synthetic agents that act on pathogenic microorganisms have good antibacterial activity.However, for the treatment of cystitis, representatives of synthetic urinary antiseptics are most often used - drugs that provide the maximum concentration of active substances in the organs of the genitourinary system.
Fluoroquinolone
Fluoroquinolones are the latest generation of quinolones that inhibit microbial enzymes (DNA gyrase), providing a bactericidal effect in cystitis.The drug has a wide spectrum of action, affecting even bacteria that are clearly resistant to other antibacterial agents.
High bioavailability, low potential for side effects, and good tolerability are the reasons why this group of antibiotics is frequently prescribed for the treatment of cystitis.
Ciprofloxacin is the most popular diabetes medication in the fluoroquinolone group.Its clinical effects have been thoroughly studied.You can find the trade name of such active ingredient.
Norfloxacin and Levofloxacin are also used to treat cystitis.
Nitrofuran derivative
In urological practice, the drug “Furagin” is widely used, an antibiotic with a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity.The drug concentration in urine is many times higher than the minimum bacteriostatic concentration for pathogenic bacteria in the treatment of cystitis.
Nitrofurantoin is the second most famous representative of the group.The active ingredient is nitrofurantoin.It is rapidly excreted in the urine, the effect in the genitourinary system begins 2-4 hours after furadonin administration and the proportion of unchanged drug in the urine is about 45%.This is effective in the treatment of uncomplicated cystitis in men and women caused by aerobic gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria.
Sulfonamides and their combinations
This group of synthetic antibiotics is the first group of antibiotics to replace natural antibiotics.For some time, representatives of the sulfonamide family remained in reserve due to prescribing other groups of drugs.Therefore, currently the agents that cause infectious cystitis are easily affected by the effects of sulfonamides and the drugs have good effects.
Combinations of medications are also often prescribed.Thanks to this, better treatment effects can be achieved.A well-known representative of the group of combined drugs includes sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim.
Sulfamethoxazole has a chemical structure similar to para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), allowing the drug to participate in the synthesis of important structural elements of microbial cells.Trimethoprim enhances the effects of sulfamethoxazole by interfering with the production of folic acid.This significantly disrupts metabolic processes in bacterial cells and leads to their death.
The drug has a wide spectrum of action and also produces the necessary amount of active substances in the urine to fight infections of the genitourinary system.The course of treatment for uncomplicated cystitis is 6 days.It is important to strictly adhere to the duration of antibiotic treatment for successful recovery and to prevent recurrent infection.
Antifungals (antifungals)
The drug is prescribed if the fungal nature of cystitis is confirmed or to prevent fungal infections during antibiotic treatment.Candidiasis is one of the common complications of antibacterial therapy.To prevent or treat it successfully, you need to prescribe antifungal medication.
For cystitis, drugs such as fluconazole, ketoconazole and itraconazole are used.
Features of the choice and use of urological drugs
Patients must remember to take medication exactly as prescribed by the doctor: do not arbitrarily stop treatment or change medication.In addition, to prevent microbial resistance, uroseptic must be replaced as prescribed by your doctor during long-term treatment.
Bacterial resistance in cystitis develops slowly to drugs of the ampicillin, fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol and furagin groups.The rapid development of resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin and cephalosporins has led to the fact that representatives of this series of drugs are practically not used for the treatment of cystitis in modern clinical practice.
Doctors often prescribe combination medications or multiple medications at the same time.The combination of furagin with chloramphenicol or sulfonamide, as well as the combination of sulfanilamide with chloramphenicol, expands the spectrum of action of the constituent drugs on cystitis and improves the effectiveness of treatment.
Herbal uroseptic is combined safely and effectively with all known chemicals.They can be used to develop cystitis in women during pregnancy.
A physician, urologist or nephrologist is often faced with the task of choosing the optimal urinary tract antiseptic to treat a particular case of cystitis.The doctor needs to determine the site of the infectious process, and, if possible, find out the type of pathogen and its sensitivity to known urinary antiseptics.In addition, during the examination it is important to determine the stage of inflammation and make sure there are no complications from the kidneys.When diagnosing cystitis in women, the doctor needs to be sure that there is no pregnancy because the medicine can be toxic to the fetus.
Only after the specialist receives answers to all questions, he can choose an effective and safe medication - injections or pills.Self-prescribing drugs with an antiseptic effect for cystitis can lead to unwanted complications, weak effect and the development of resistance in microorganisms.